References

Allbrook RF 1983. Some physical properties of allophane soils from the North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Science. 26(4):481–492.

Allbrook RF 1985. The effect of allophane on soil properties. Applied Clay Science [Internet]. 1(1):65–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1317(85)90562-9

Avery BW 1980. Soil classification for England and Wales (higher categories). Rothamstead Experimental Station, Harpenden, England: Soil Survey of England; Wales.

Berkowitz JF, VanZomeren CM, Currie SJ, Vasilas L 2017. Application of α,α’-dipyridyl dye for hydric soil identification. Soil Science Society of America Journal [Internet]. 81(3):654–658. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2016.12.0431

Bigham JM, Ciolkosz EJ, editors 1993. Soil color. [Internet]. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Soil Science Society of America. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub31

Blakemore LC, Searle PL, Daly BK 1987. Methods for chemical analysis of soils. [Internet]. Lower Hutt, New Zealand. https://doi.org/10.7931/DL1-SBSR-80

Childs CW 1981. Field tests for ferrous iron and ferric-organic complexes (on exchange sites or in water-soluble forms) in soils. Soil Research [Internet]. 19(2):175–180. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR9810175

Childs CW, Palmer RWP, Ross CW 1990. Thick iron oxide pans in soils of Taranaki, New Zealand. Soil Research [Internet]. 28(2):245–257. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR9900245

Childs CW, Whitton JS 1990. A proposed revision of the key to mineralogy classes of Soil Taxonomy (1975). In: Transactions 14th International Congress of Soil Science, Kyoto, Japan, August 1990, Volume VII [Internet]. Vol. VII. Kyoto, Japan: IUSS; p. 10–16. https://old.iuss.org/meetings-events/world-soil-congress/index.html

Churchman GJ 1986. Towards understanding soil mineralogy. I, an introduction to clay minerals in soils. [Internet]. Lower Hutt, New Zealand. https://doi.org/10.7931/DL1-LAB-CM06

Churchman GJ, Velde B 2019. Soil clays: Linking geology, biology, agriculture, and the environment. [Internet]. 1st ed. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429154768

Churchman JG, Lowe DJ 2012. Alteration, formation, and occurrence of minerals in soils. [Internet]. In: Huang PM, Li Y, Sumner ME, editors. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. [place unknown]: CRC Press; p. 72. https://doi.org/10.1201/b16386

Clayden B, Daly BK, Lee R, Mew G 1990. The nature, occurrence, and genesis of placic horizons. In: Fifth international soil correlation meeting (ISCOM). Lincoln, Nebraska, USA: USDA, Soil Conservation Service; p. 88–104.

Clayden B, Hewitt AE 1989. Horizon notation for New Zealand soils. [Internet]. Lower Hutt, New Zealand. https://landcareresearch.on.worldcat.org/oclc/154214630

Clayden B, Hewitt AE 2015. Horizon notation for New Zealand soils. [Internet]. 4th ed. Lincoln, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press. https://doi.org/10.7931/DL1001

Cline MG 1949. Basic principles of soil classification. Soil Science [Internet]. 67(2):81–91. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-194902000-00002

Craw D, Rufaut C 2024. Environmental evolution of cover deposits on chemically distinctive bare ground, New Zealand: Review and temporal contexts. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics [Internet]. 68(5):1120–1152. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2024.2416160

DERM 2011. Salinity Management Handbook, second edition. [Internet]. Brisbane, Queensland. https://www.publications.qld.gov.au/dataset/salinity-management-handbook

Eden DN 1992. A standard method for determining volcanic glass content in Andisols. [Internet]. Palmerston North, New Zealand: DSIR Land Resources. https://doi.org/10.7931/DL1-DLRSR-2

Fieldes M, Perrott KW 1966. The nature of allophane in soils, part 3 - rapid field and laboratory test for allophane. New Zealand Journal of Science. 9:623–629.

Gradwell MW, Birrell KS 1979. C. Methods for physical analysis of soils. [Internet]. Lower Hutt, New Zealand. https://doi.org/10.7931/DL1-SBSR-10C

Griffiths E 1991. Assessing soil permeability class from soil morphology. [Internet]. Havelock North, New Zealand. https://digitallibrary.landcareresearch.co.nz.landcareresearch.idm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p20022coll26/id/2/rec/23

Hartemink AE, Zhang Y, Bockheim JG, Curi N, Silva SHG, Grauer-Gray J, Lowe DJ, Krasilnikov P 2020. Soil horizon variation: A review. [Internet]. In: Vol. 160. [place unknown]: Elsevier; p. 125–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2019.10.003

Hewitt AE 1982. Decisions in the establishment of soil series. [PhD thesis] [Internet]. Ithaca, New York, USA. https://landcareresearch.on.worldcat.org/oclc/1129896729

Hewitt AE 1984. The NZ soil classification revision: Taylor’s patch reworked. New Zealand Soil News [Internet]. 32(6):220–229. https://doi.org/10.7931/DL30-1984_VOL32_6_ORC

Hewitt AE 1987a. Perfume and promise. New Zealand Soil News [Internet]. 35(6):240–243. https://doi.org/10.7931/DL30-1987_VOL35_6_ORC

Hewitt AE 1987b. New Zealand Soil Classification (v. 1.0). [Internet]. Lower Hutt, New Zealand. https://doi.org/10.7931/DL1-SRR-15

Hewitt AE 1989. New Zealand Soil Classification (v. 2.0). Dunedin, New Zealand.

Hewitt AE 1992a. New Zealand soil classification (v. 3.0). [Internet]. 1st ed. Lower Hutt, N.Z.: DSIR Land Resources. https://doi.org/10.7931/DL1-LRSS-1-1993

Hewitt AE 1992b. Soil classification in new zealand - legacy and lessons. Soil Research [Internet]. 30(6):843–854. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR9920843

Hewitt AE 1993. Methods and rationale of the New Zealand soil classification. [Internet]. Wellington, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press. https://doi.org/10.7931/DL1-LRSS-2

Hewitt AE 1998. The New Zealand Soil Classification. In: Molloy L, editor. 2nd ed. Wellington: New Zealand Society of Soil Science; p. 229–243.

Hewitt AE 2010. New Zealand soil classification (v. 3.0). [Internet]. 3rd ed. Wellington, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press. https://doi.org/10.7931/DL1-LRSS-1-2010

Hewitt AE, Balks MR, Lowe DJ 2021. The soils of Aotearoa New Zealand. [Internet]. 1st ed. Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64763-6

Holmgren GGS 1988. The point representation of soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 52(3):712–716. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1988.03615995005200030022x

Hopkins JL, Lowe DJ, Horrocks JL 2021. Tephrochronology in Aotearoa New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics [Internet]. 64(2-3):153–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2021.1908368

IUSS Working Group WRB 2022. World Reference Base for soil resources: International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. [Internet]. 4th ed. Vienna, Austria: International Union of Soil Scientists. https://wrb.isric.org/

Johnson DL, Keller EA, Rockwell TK 1990. Dynamic pedogenesis: New views on some key soil concepts, and a model for interpreting quaternary soils. Quaternary Research [Internet]. 33(3):306–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(90)90058-S

Johnson WM 1963. The pedon and the polypedon. Soil Science Society of America Journal [Internet]. 27(2):212–215. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1963.03615995002700020034x

Laffan MD 1979. A comment on the identification of the lithic contact (USDA Soil Taxonomy) in soils formed from greywacke in the Marlborough Sounds. New Zealand Soil News [Internet]. 27(2):70–71. https://doi.org/10.7931/DL30-1979_VOL27_2_ORC

Leamy ML, Clayden B, Hewitt AE 1983. Soil classification in the N. Z. Soil Bureau. New Zealand Soil News [Internet]. 31(6):183–185. https://doi.org/10.7931/DL30-1983_VOL31_6_ORC

Leamy ML, Kinloch DI, Parfitt RL 1990. International committee on Andisols: Final report. International committee on Andisols. Washington D.C., USA.

Lowe DJ 1992. Review of "New Zealand Soil Classification". New Zealand Soil News [Internet]. 40(6):201–206. https://doi.org/10.7931/DL30-1992_VOL40_6_ORC

Lowe DJ, Blaauw M, Hogg AG, Newnham RM 2013. Ages of 24 widespread tephras erupted since 30,000 years ago in New Zealand, with re-evaluation of the timing and palaeoclimatic implications of the late glacial cool episode recorded at Kaipo bog. Quaternary Science Reviews [Internet]. 74:170–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.022

Lowe DJ, Pearce NJG, Jorgensen MA, Kuehn SC, Tryon CA, Hayward CL 2017. Correlating tephras and cryptotephras using glass compositional analyses and numerical and statistical methods: Review and evaluation. Quaternary Science Reviews. 175:1–44. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.08.003

Lowe DJ, Pittari A 2021. The Taupō eruption sequence of AD 232 ± 10 in Aotearoa New Zealand: A retrospection. Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) [Internet]. 130(1):117–141. https://doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.130.117

Lowe DJ, Shane PAR, Alloway BV, Newnham RM 2008. Fingerprints and age models for widespread New Zealand tephra marker beds erupted since 30,000 years ago: A framework for NZ-INTIMATE. Quaternary Science Reviews [Internet]. 27(1-2):95–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.01.013

McLaren RG, Cameron KC 1990. Soil science: An introduction to the properties and management of New Zealand soils. [Internet]. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press. https://landcareresearch.on.worldcat.org/oclc/22444423

McQueen DJ 1981. A new method of aggregate stability measurement. New Zealand Soil News [Internet]. 29(4):127–132. https://doi.org/10.7931/DL30-1981_VOL29_4_ORC

McQueen DJ 1993. Glossary of soil physical terms. [Internet]. Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research. https://doi.org/10.7931/DL1H01

O’Brien LE, Deuss K, Eger A, Milne JDG, Clayden B, Singleton PL, Wilson AD, Soil Description Working Group 2025. New Zealand Soil Description Handbook. 3rd ed. Palmerston North, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research.

Palmer AS, Lowe DJ, Almond PC 2025. Pedostratigraphy. [Internet]. In: Elias S, editor. Vol. 5. 3rd ed. Oxford: Elsevier; p. 749–769. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99931-1.00265-8

Pantone 2017. Munsell soil color book. [Internet]. https://www.pantone.com/products/munsell/munsell-soil-color-book

Parfitt RL 1984. A proposed classification of yellow-brown loams and yellow-brown pumice soils. I, the boundary with other soils at the highest category. [Internet]. Lower Hutt, New Zealand: New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. https://doi.org/10.7931/DL1-LAB-CM05

Parfitt RL, Clayden B 1991. Andisols - the development of a new order in Soil Taxonomy. Geoderma [Internet]. 49(3):181–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(91)90075-5

Puke WT 2021. Conception, construction and the cultural significance of Te Parapara Garden in Hamilton, Aotearoa New Zealand. Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies [Internet]. 9(2):179–198. https://doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00071_1

Rijkse WC 1978. Soil Groups of New Zealand part 3 - Gley Soils. [Internet]. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Society of Soil Science. https://doi.org/10.7931/DL1S3

Sattler K, Anderson B, Mackintosh A, Norton K, De Róiste M 2016. Estimating permafrost distribution in the maritime Southern Alps, New Zealand, based on climatic conditions at rock glacier sites. Frontiers in Earth Science [Internet]. 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00004

Schoeneberger PJ, Wysocki DA, Benham EC, Soil Survey Staff 2012. Field book for describing and sampling soils, version 3. Lincoln, USA: Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center.

Simonson RW 1959. Outline of a generalized theory of soil genesis. Soil Science Society of America Journal [Internet]. 23(2):152–156. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1959.03615995002300020021x

Soil Bureau Staff 1948. Soil map of New Zealand. [Internet]. https://doi.org/10.7931/hdbc-9662

Soil Survey Staff 1975. Soil Taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. 1st ed. Washington D.C., USA: United States Department of Agriculture.

Soil Survey Staff 1999. Soil Taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. [Internet]. 2nd ed. Washington D.C., USA: United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-taxonomy

Soil Survey Staff 2022. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. [Internet]. 13th ed. USA: National Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/?cid=nrcs142p2_053580

Soons JM, Price LW 1990. Periglacial phenomena in New Zealand. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes [Internet]. 1(2):145–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.3430010206

Sullivan L, Ward N, Toppler N, Lancaster G 2018. National Acid Sulfate Soils guidance: National acid sulfate soils sampling and identification methods manual. National Acid Sulfate Soils guidance [Internet]. Canberra, ACT, Australia. https://www.waterquality.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/sampling-identification-methods.pdf

Taylor NH 1933. Soil processes in volcanic ash-beds. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology. 14.

Taylor NH, Cox JE 1957. The soil pattern of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand.

Taylor NH, Pohlen IJ 1962a. Classification of New Zealand soils. [Internet]. In: Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Department of Scientific; Industrial Research; p. 15–45. https://doi.org/10.7931/dl1-sbb-026-1

Taylor NH, Pohlen IJ 1962b. Genetic classification of New Zealand soils (second draft). New Zealand Soil News [Internet]. 10(1):1–49. https://doi.org/10.7931/dl1-sbb-026-1

Taylor NH, Pohlen IJ 1968. Classification of New Zealand soils. [Internet]. In: Soil Bureau Staff, editor. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Department of Scientific; Industrial Research; p. 15–33. https://doi.org/10.7931/dl1-sbb-026-1

Taylor NH, Pohlen IJ 1979. Soil Survey Method. A New Zealand handbook for the field study of soils. 3rd ed. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Department of Scientific; Industrial Research.

Webb TH, Lilburne LR 2011. Criteria for defining the soil family and soil sibling: The fourth and fifth categories of the New Zealand Soil Classification. Landcare Research science series. 3:39. https://doi.org/https://www.doi.org/10.7931/DL1-LRSS-3-2011

Whitton JS, Childs CW 1989. The New Zealand experience in applying the Soil Taxonomy (1975) key to mineralogy classes, and, a proposed revision of the key to mineralogy classes. [Internet]. Lower Hutt, New Zealand: New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. https://doi.org/10.7931/DL1-LAB-CM14

Whitton JS, Churchman GJ 1987. Standard methods for mineral analysis of soil survey samples for characterisation and classification in NZ Soil Bureau. Lower Hutt, New Zealand.

Wilson AD 1987. Classification of red and brown loams and brown granular soils. Lower Hutt, New Zealand.